APA+format

 **APA Style Reference Page** Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper/speech. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the speech outline under the label References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay. **Basic Rules** > > For example: Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship quality on social development. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup, (Eds.), //The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence.//  (pp. 346-365). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. //Current//  //Directions in Psychological Science, 11// , 7-10. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. //Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">, 1034-1048. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Flexible correction processes in social judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Journal of Personality & Social Psychology// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">, <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> //68,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 36-51. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last names of the first author of each work.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">If you have more than one article by the same author(s), single-author references or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.

> > For example: <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Educational Psychologist, 34,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 15-28. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Child Development, 66,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 1312-1329. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

> For example: <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 629-654. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//European Journal of Social Psychology, 24,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 25-43. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

> > For example: <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Developmental Psychology, 17,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 408-416. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Child Development, 52,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 636-643. || > When referring to these publications in your paper, use the letter suffixes with the year so that the reader knows which reference you are referring to. For example: "Several studies (Berndt, 1981a, 1981b) have shown that..." <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Basic Forms for Sources in Print** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**An article in a periodical (e.g., a journal, newspaper, or magazine)** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of periodical, volume number// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">, pages. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> For a magazine or newspaper article, you need to include specific publication dates (month and day, if applicable) as well as the year. For a journal article, you do not need to include the month or day of publication. See our examples below for more explanations. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">You need list only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then you should list the issue number as well: <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> //Title of Periodical, Volume number// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">(Issue number), pages. Note that the issue number is not italicized. If the journal does not use volume numbers, use the month, season, or other designation within the year to designate the specific journal article. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A nonperiodical (e.g., book, report, brochure, or audiovisual media)** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Author, A. A. (Year of publication). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">. Location: Publisher. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter or an article in a collection)** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> //Title of book// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">(pages of chapter). Location: Publisher. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Basic Forms for Electronic (Internet) Sources** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Article in an Internet Periodical** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of journal, volume number// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://Web address. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Nonperiodical Internet Document (e.g., a Web page or report)** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of article// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">. Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Part of Nonperiodical Internet Document** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of book or larger document// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://Web address. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">For more about electronic sources, see the APA style web site's coverage of __[|electronic references]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> or __[|Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> from the APA web site, or visit our __[|additional resources]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> section. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Basic Forms for Audiovisual Sources** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Motion Picture or Video Tape** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of motion picture// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">[Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code). <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Television Broadcast or Television Series** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of broadcast// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">[Television broadcast or Television series]. City of origin: Studio or distributor. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Single Episode of a Television Series** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series Title. City of origin: Studio or distributor. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A music recording** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Title of album// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date) || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">For more about citing audiovisual media, see pages 266-269 of the <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//Publication Manual// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. For information about citing legal sources in your reference list, see the Westfield State College page on __[|Citing Legal Materials in APA Style]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> **Examples** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> //Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> provides extensive examples covering a wide variety of potential sources on pages 239-281. Below are examples for some of the most commonly cited kinds of sources. If your particular source is not listed below, use the basic forms (above) to determine the correct format, check the <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//Publication Manual// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, or consult the __[|APA style website]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, especially their __[|Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and their coverage of __[|electronic references]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. Our __[|additional resources]__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> section also has some links to examples and resources. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Journal article, one author** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> //Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 893-896. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Journal article, three to six authors** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 1190-1204. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Journal article, more than six authors** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Journal of Film and Writing, 44// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">(3), 213-245. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> The phrase <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//et al.// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> stands for "and others." <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Work discussed in a secondary source** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Psychological Review, 100,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 589-608. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation: <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ... || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Magazine article, one author** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Time, 135,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 28-31. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Book** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication.// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**An article or chapter of a book** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Gender issues across the life cycle// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A government publication** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Clinical training in serious mental illness// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A brochure** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (4th ed.) [Brochure]. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Lawrence, KS: Author. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A book or article with no author or editor named** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">If no author is given for a particular source, begin with and alphabetize by using the <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**title** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> of the work, which will be listed in place of the author, and use a shortened version of the title for parenthetical citations.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Personal communications, such as e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should not be cited in your reference list because they are not retrievable sources for anyone else. You should make reference to these sources in your in-text citations. (For more information, see page 214 of the <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//Publication Manual.// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">)
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

<span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//The Washington Post,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> p. A12. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: ( <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//Merriam-Webster's,// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993). <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A translated work and/or a republished work** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Laplace, P. S. (1951). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//A philosophical essay on probabilities// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814) || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">When you cite this work in text, it should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951). <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A review of a book, film, television program, etc.** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Baumeister, R. F. (1993). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//The self-knower: A hero under control// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">]. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Contemporary Psychology, 38,// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> 466-467. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**An entry in an encyclopedia** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Bergmann, P. G. (1993). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Relativity. In <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//The new encyclopedia britannica// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A print journal or newspaper article retrieved from an online database** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of work). Then add information that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database. This will allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required. (For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see page 278 of the <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//Publication Manual.// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">) <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L.,& Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**An online journal article** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Kenneth, I. A. (2000). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">(4).Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Chapter or section of an online document** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Great chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> (Chap. 3). Retrieved July 13, 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**NOTE:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">If only the screen name is available for the author, then use the screen name; however, if the author provides a real name, use their real name instead. Be sure to provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the subject line, the <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">//thread// <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title, as in other types of references. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Motion Picture or Video Tape with international or national availability** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Really Big Disaster Movie// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Motion Picture or Video Tape with limited availability** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Writing Labs: A History// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907) || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Television Broadcast** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Important, I.M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//The Nightly News Hour.// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Television Series** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Exciting Action Show.// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A Single Episode of a Television Series** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the falling ape. [Television series episode]. In D. Dude (Producer), <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Creatures and monsters.// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Los Angeles: Belarus Studios. || <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**A music recording** <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;">//Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy// <span style="font-family: Courier,Courier New,monospace;"> [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited. ||